Which of the following factors does not directly influence load factor on an airplane?

The load factor of an airplane is defined as the ratio of the aerodynamic lift to the weight of the aircraft and is affected by several key factors during flight. Among those, bank angle, angle of attack, and aircraft weight all have direct influences on load factor.

The angle of attack determines how much lift the wings generate; by increasing the angle, a pilot can increase lift, thereby increasing load factor. The aircraft weight is crucial because load factor is a function of lift and weight—if weight increases while lift does not, the load factor decreases. Additionally, bank angle plays a significant role in determining load factor because a steeper bank requires a higher total lift to maintain altitude, thereby increasing the load factor as compared to level flight.

On the other hand, altitude does not directly affect load factor. While altitude influences air density and, consequently, aerodynamic performance (such as engine efficiency and lift generation), it does not change the inherent relationship between lift and weight that defines load factor. Therefore, it is the factor that does not have a direct impact on the calculation or immediate understanding of load factor in the same way as the others.